What is Huffman coding?

## Huffman coding is a statistical data compression technique, which gives a reduction in the average code length, used to represent the symbols of an alphabet. The Huffman code is an example of a code that is optimal in the case where all symbol probabilities are integral powers of 0.5. A Huffman code can be built in the following manner:

1. Rank all symbols in order of probability of occurrence. 2. Successively combine the two symbols of the lowest probability to form a new composite symbol; eventually to build a binary tree where each node is the probability of all nodes beneath it.

3. Trace a path to each leaf, noticing the direction at each node.

## For a given probability distribution, there are many possible Huffman codes, but the total compressed length will be the same. This technique is used in most archivers. This is a means of producing a variable length code which has an average length l close to the average information contained in a message. l will always be greater than or equal to H.

## Thus with known probabilities of occurrence, we can produce an optimum solution using Huffman coding. Huffman coding requires a priori probabilities, which can be a problem in some situations. The Lempel–Ziv algorithm learns the source characteristics whilst coding and is used in situations where the a priori probabilities are not available.

Comments

Why do the Indian telecom operators offer their services with 28 days validity, not 30 days?😡😡

Here telecom operator are very clever, b ecause telecom operators want to earn money of 13 months instead of 12 months. Let do the calculation and find out why telecom operators are offering 28 days validity. Each month they get 2 days more, therefore in a year they get additional 24 days. There are 7 month which has 31 days so they get additional 7 days.Now in case of February ,it has only 28 days not 30. So the total number of days they get are=24+7-2=29 days. So if you recharge 12 times then more 29 days are left in a year.🤔🤔 Means for another 29 days you have to recharge from that telecom operator.😫😫 So you have to recharge 13 times in a year instead of 12 times in a year. So telecom operators provide 28 days validity only. First one telecom operator started and then another telecom operators also understood this concept and they also applied 28 days validity both in data packs and voice packs.😱😱😱

How Energy conversion from coal is done?

Single generator sets of over 600 MW are now used in the UK, though there are many smaller generators in use. A 600 MW generator can supplythe average needs of over 1 million UK households. Three or four such generators are typically installed in a single large coal-fired station which isoften sited close to a coal mine, away from the city dwellers who consume the electricity. Such generators are usually driven by a compound arrangement of highpressure, intermediate-pressure and low-pressure turbines, increasing in size as the pressure decreases. Modern turbines rotate in a speed range from 1500 to 3500 r.p.m., usually 3000 r.p.m. for the UK’s 50 Hz system. For large coal-fired plant the steam pressure could be 25 megapascals (MPa) with steam temperatures of 500–600 °C to improve the thermodynamic efficiency. In nuclear reactors, which operate under less demanding conditions, the steam is superheated to about 5 MPa and 300 °C. Modern water tube boilers are complex and have ...

Why swiss Bank is Famous for Black Money?

Hello everyone, here we are going to talk about Swiss Bank. When a person hear the name of this bank the only thing that come to our mind is Black Money. When any kind Fraud occur we hear the name of Swiss Bank and Government also tell that he is going to bring all the black money from Swiss Bank. Swiss Bank is located in Switzerland and was established in 1872 as Basler bankverein. According to Switzerland banking law bank officials cannot disclose the name of account holder name unless and until Swiss court order them. Swiss court give the order only when there is a criminal charge on account holder name for example money laundering, fraud etc. The account in Swiss Bank are secretive account. Anyone who open a bank account in Swiss Bank he has to complete his KYC as normal bank do. But they never reveal the identity and address of account holders name. The account is in coded digits. In bank statement the account holder name is also not disclosed to any one. Here Swi...

Knowledge N Fact4u

Search This Blog