WHY DO WE SLEEP AND DREAM?

•We spend about one-third of our lives sleeping.

•Why do we invest so much time in sleep?

•The most straight forward answer is that, sleep is restorative, and it replenishes the body's energy stores.

•However, intense neural activity during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the stage in which most dreams occur, suggests there may be more to the story.

•One theory, which by far has the largest body of evidence, is that sleep plays a critical role in learning and consolidating memories.

•It is probably why infants and toddlers need up to 14 hours of sleep a day, with half of it spent in REM sleep.

•In adults, dreams may also play a role in brain plasticity and learning, which is why sleep-deprived adults perform worse in memory tests and tasks.

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HOW CAN WE MOTIVATE OURSELVES MORE EFFECTIVELY THROUGH REINFORCEMENT?

•We'd all like to be more effective in reaching our goals, and according to behaviorists, the way to improve our effectiveness is by rewarding ourselves for the little steps that take us closer and closer to those desirable outcomes. •First, find something you really like to do or something you'd like to have that can, realistically, serve as a reward. •Then, take the goal that you are hoping to achieve that, realistically, you could achieve but just haven't succeeded at yet. •Next, work backward from that goal to your present state. •Arrange to give yourself those desired rewards as you inch closer from where you are now to the desired end point. •As you start to make progress, only give yourself a reward when you've moved forward from where you are now. •For example, if you'd like to cut back on your television watching and instead read more often, reward yourself by allowing yourself to watch television only when you've read for 20 minu...

Clouds are just water vapor, so why do they move?

Clouds are just water vapor , so why do they move ? •Clouds are not water vapor. Water vapor is the gas state of H 2 O and is invisible. •The air around you on a humid summer day is chock full of water vapor, but you don't see any of it. •On the other hand, there is very little water vapor in the air during the cold of winter, yet you can easily make clouds with your breath. •Clouds are collections of liquid water droplets or ice that are small enough to float. •When the water vapor in the air gets cold enough, it condenses back into liquid in the forms of droplets. •But the condensation is not automatic. It takes a bit of matter – a condensation nucleus – in order to jump start the process. Dust, salt, and ice in the air do the trick by providing a surface for the water to condense on to. •Clouds are white because the water droplets making the cloud are the right size to scatter light resonantly according to Mie scattering. •Mie scatte...

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